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10 Appendices

Appendix (ii)

Bulk liquid chemicals and fuels: Insight into speciications and contaminations.

Detrimental changes to liquid chemicals and fuels during transport.

Dr Wesley Tucker, Consultant Scientist, TSC Scientiic.

The problem

Liquid cargoes are inherently vulnerable to changes in thus making an investigation a complex assessment of the

composition through interaction with their surroundingsentire process from production lot to receiver.

as they have the potential to become damaged or absorb When it comes to changes in a liquid cargo during a
contaminants. This is especially true at the interface between voyage, it may be important to irst make a distinction

cargo and tank, with many issues arising from things such as between a contamination and an off-speciication. A

coatings, temperature, compatibility, cleaning and inerting. contamination is a tainting of the cargo with a foreign
Problems can occur for inorganic (i.e. ammonia), organic (i.e. material, and may or may not reveal itself in the panel of

benzene) and aqueous (i.e. hydrochloric acid) cargoes alike, tests that deine product speciications. Alternatively, an

but are much more prevalent for puriied organic chemicals off-speciication is the failure of a material to fall within a
and fuels which are strong solvents, corrosive, predisposed set range of test values, and may or may not be related to a

to oxidation, or shipped in non-dedicated tanks. Importantly, contamination. In other words, failure to meet speciication

the issue can arise from the shore tank, piping, or vessel,is not always related to contamination and vice versa.

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